Optimum Load in Various Vertical Jumps Support the Maximum Dynamic Output Hypothesis

D. Suzovic; G. Markovic; M. Pasic; S. Jaric

doi:10.1055/s-0033-1337942

International Journal of Sports Medicine, Table of Contents

Int J Sports Med 2013; 34(11): 1007-1014
DOI: 10.1055/s-0033-1337942

Orthopedics & Biomechanics

Optimum Load in Various Vertical Jumps Support the Maximum Dynamic Output Hypothesis

D. Suzovic

¹Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

,

G. Markovic

²School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia

,

M. Pasic

¹Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, The Research Center, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

,

S. Jaric

³Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, United States

› Author Affiliations

Abstract

The aim was to generalize the maximum dynamic output (MDO) hypothesis [i. e., the muscle power output in vertical jumps (VJ) is maximized when loaded with one’s own body mass] to variety of VJ. We hypothesized that the subjects’ own body (a) would be the optimal load for maximizing the power output (i. e., the no-load condition) and also (b) reveal the maximum benefits of stretch-shortening cycle (SSC). 13 participants performed the maximum squat and various counter-movement jumps when loaded by approximately constant external force ranging from −40% to + 40% of their body weight (BW). Regarding the first hypothesis, the differences in both the peak and mean power recorded under different load magnitudes revealed maxima close to no-load condition (i. e., from −3% BW to + 8% BW; R²=0.65–0.96; all P<0.01). Regarding the second hypothesis, the differences in performance between VJ executed with and without SSC also revealed maxima close to no-load conditions (0–2% BW), while the same differences in the power output were observed under relatively low positive loads (14–25% BW; R²=0.56–0.95; all P<0.01). The findings support the concept that maximal power output occurs close to one’s own body mass during VJ with and without SSC, thereby providing additional support to MDO hypothesis.

Key words

power - MDO hypothesis - counter-movement - force-velocity relationship

Full Text

References

References
1 Alexander RM. Leg design and jumping technique for humans, other vertebrates and insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1995; 347: 235-248
2 Avela J, Santos PM, Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Effects of different simulated gravity conditions on neuromuscular control in drop jump exercises. Aviat Space Environ Med 1994; 65: 301-308
3 Baker D. A series of studies on the training of high-intensity muscle power in rugby league football players. J Strength Cond Res 2001; 15: 198-209
4 Bennett MB, Taylor GC. Scaling of elastic strain energy in kangaroos and the benefits of being big. Nature 1995; 378: 56-59
5 Bosco C, Viitasalo JT, Komi PV, Luhtanen P. Combined effect of elastic energy and myoelectrical potentiation during stretch-shortening cycle exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1982; 114: 557-565
6 Cavagna GA, Heglund NC, Willems PA. Effect of an increase in gravity on the power output and the rebound of the body in human running. J Exp Biol 2005; 208: 2333-2346
7 Cavagna GA, Zamboni A, Faraggiana T, Margaria R. Jumping on the moon: power output at different gravity values. Aerosp Med 1972; 43: 408-414
8 Cormie P, Flanagan SP. Does an Optimal Load Exist for Power Training?. Strength Cond J 2008; 30: 67-69
9 Cormie P, McBride JM, McCaulley GO. Power-time, force-time, and velocity-time curve analysis during the jump squat: Impact of load. J Appl Biomech. 2008. 24. 112-120
10 Cormie P, McCaulley GO, Triplett NT, McBride JM. Optimal loading for maximal power output during lower-body resistance exercises. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 340-349
11 Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing Maximal Neuromuscular Power Part 1 – Biological Basis of Maximal Power Production. Sports Med 2011; 41: 17-38
12 Cormie P, McGuigan MR, Newton RU. Developing Maximal Neuromuscular Power Part 2-Training Considerations for Improving Maximal Power Production. Sports Med 2011; 41: 125-146
13 Cronin J, Sleivert G. Challenges in understanding the influence of maximal power training on improving athletic performance. Sports Med 2005; 35: 213-234
14 Dugan EL, Doyle TL, Humphries B, Hasson CJ, Newton RU. Determining the optimal load for jump squats: a review of methods and calculations. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 668-674
15 Gollhofer A, Kyrolainen H. Neuromuscular control of the human leg extensor muscles in jump exercises under various stretch-load conditions. Int J Sports Med 1991; 12: 34-40
16 Harriss DJ, Atkinson G. Update – Ethical standards in sport and exercise science research. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 819-821
17 Hill AV. The heat of shortening and the dynamic constants of muscle. Proc Roy Soc Lond 1938; 126: 136-195
18 Jaric S, Gavrilovic P, Ivancevic V. Effects of previous muscle contractions on cyclic movement dynamics. Eur J Appl Physiol O 1985; 54: 216-221
19 Jaric S, Gottlieb GL, Latash ML, Corcos DM. Changes in the symmetry of rapid movements – Effects of velocity and viscosity. Exp Brain Res 1998; 120: 52-60
20 Jaric S, Markovic G. Leg muscles design: the maximum dynamic output hypothesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009; 41: 780-787
21 Kaneko M, Fuchimoto T, Toji H, Suei K. Training effect of different loads on the force-velocity relationship and mechanical power output in human muscle. Scand J Sports Sci 1983; 5: 50-55
22 Komi PV, Bosco C. Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Med Sci Sports 1978; 10: 261-265
23 Kyrolainen H, Komi PV. Differences in Mechanical Efficiency between Power-Trained and Endurance-Trained Athletes While Jumping. Eur J Appl Physiol O 1995; 70: 36-44
24 Leontijevic B, Pazin N, Bozic PR, Kukolj M, Ugarkovic D, Jaric S. Effects of loading on maximum vertical jumps: Selective effects of weight and inertia. J Electromyogr Kines 2012; 22: 286-293
25 Leontijevic B, Pazin N, Kukolj M, Ugarkovic D, Jaric S. Selective effects of weight and inertia on maximum lifting performance: Explosive bench press throws. Int J Sports Med 2013; 34: 232-238
26 Lutz GJ, Rome LC. Built for jumping: the design of the frog muscular system. Science 1994; 263: 370-372
27 Markovic G, Dizdar D, Jukic I, Cardinale M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. J Strength Cond Res 2004; 18: 551-555
28 Markovic G, Jaric S. Scaling of muscle power to body size: the effect of stretch-shortening cycle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2005; 95: 11-19
29 Markovic G, Jaric S. Is vertical jump height a body size-independent measure of muscle power?. J Sports Sci 2007; 25: 1355-1363
30 Markovic G, Jaric S. Positive and negative loading and mechanical output in maximum vertical jumping. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007; 39: 1757-1764
31 Markovic G, Vuk S, Jaric S. Effects of Jump Training with Negative versus Positive Loading on Jumping Mechanics. Int J Sports Med 2011; 32: 365-372
32 McMahon TA. Muscles, reflexes, and locomotion. 1984; 234-296
33 Miyamoto N, Wakahara T, Sugisaki N, Murata K, Kanehisa H, Fukunaga T, Kawakami Y. Effect of countermovement on elbow joint extension power-load characteristics. J Sports Sci 2010; 28: 1535-1542
34 Nedeljkovic A, Mirkov DM, Markovic S, Jaric S. Tests of muscle power output assess rapid movement performance when normalized for body size. J Strength Cond Res 2009; 23: 1593-1605
35 Newton RU, Murphy AJ, Humphries BJ, Wilson GJ, Kraemer WJ, Hakkinen K. Influence of load and stretch shortening cycle on the kinematics, kinetics and muscle activation that occurs during explosive upper-body movements. Eur J Appl Physiol 1997; 75: 333-342
36 Nuzzo JL, McBride JM, Dayne AM, Israetel MA, Dumke CL, Triplett NT. Testing of the maximal dynamic output hypothesis in trained and untrained subjects. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24: 1269-1276
37 Pazin N, Berjan B, Nedeljkovic A, Markovic G, Jaric S. Power output in vertical jumps: Does optimum loading depend on activity profiles?. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; In press
38 Pazin N, Bozic P, Bobana B, Nedeljkovic A, Jaric S. Optimum loading for maximizing muscle power output: the effect of training history. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 111: 2123-2130
39 Samozino P, Rejc E, Di Prampero PE, Belli A, Morin JB. Optimal force-velocity profile in ballistic movements – altius. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2012; 44: 313-322
40 Swinton PA, Stewart AD, Lloyd R, Agouris I, Keogh JW. Effect of load positioning on the kinematics and kinetics of weighted vertical jumps. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26: 906-913
41 Thomas GA, Kraemer WJ, Spiering BA, Volek JS, Anderson JM, Maresh CM. Maximal power at different percentages of one repetition maximum: influence of resistance and gender. J Strength Cond Res 2007; 21: 336-342
42 van Ingen Schenau GJ, Bobbert ME, de Haan A. Does elastic energy enhance work and efficiency in the stretch-shortening cycle. J Appl Biomech 1997; 13: 389-415
43 Van Soest AJ, Bobbert MF, Van Ingen Schenau GJ. A control strategy for the execution of explosive movements from varying starting positions. J Neurophysiol 1994; 71: 1390-1402
44 Vuk S, Markovic G, Jaric S. External loading and maximum dynamic output in vertical jumping: The role of training history. Hum Movement Sci 2012; 31: 139-151